Sidereal Month Versus Lunar Month

The words month and moon are cognates of each other. The Julian and Gregorian calendars have twelve months with 28-31 days, yet they are roughly based on the cycle of the Moon or lunar month. The lunar month is still used in many cultures and by astronomers and other scientists. However, there are multiple ways of defining what, exactly, constitutes a month using the Moon. Synodic Lunar Month Usually, when someone refers to a lunar month, they mean the synodic month. This is the lunar month defined by the visible phases of the Moon. The month is the time between two syzygies, which means its the length of time between successive full moons or new moons. Whether this type of lunar month is based on the full moon or new moon varies according to the culture. The lunar phase depends on the Moons appearance, which in turn is related to its position with respect to the Sun as viewed from Earth. The Moons orbit is elliptical rather than perfectly round, so the length of a lunar moon varies, ranging from 29.18 days to 29.93 days and averaging 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes, and 2.8 seconds. The synodic lunar month is used to calculate lunar and solar eclipses. Sidereal Month The sidereal lunar month is defined according to the Moons orbit with respect to the celestial sphere. It is the length of time for the Moon to return to the same position with respect to the fixed stars. The length of the sidereal month is 27.321 days or 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, 11.5 seconds. Using this type of month, the sky can be divided into 27 or 28 lunar mansions, which feature specific stars or constellations. The sidereal month is used in China, India, and the Middle East. Although the synodic and sidereal months are most common, there are other ways of defining lunar months: Tropical Month The tropical month is based on the vernal equinox. Because of the Earths precession, the Moon takes slightly less time to return to an ecliptic longitude of zero than to return to the same point with respect to the celestial sphere, yielding a tropical month of 27.321 days (27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, 4.7 seconds). Draconic Month The draconic month is also called the draconitic month or the nodical month. The name refers to a mythical dragon, which lives at the nodes where the plane of the lunar orbit intersects the plane of the ecliptic. The dragon eats the sun or moon during eclipses, which occur when the Moon is near a node. The draconic month is the average length of time between successive transits of the Moon through the same node. The plane of the lunar orbit gradually rotates westward, so the nodes slowly rotate around the Earth. A draconic month is shorter than a sidereal month, with an average length of 27.212 days (27 days, 5 hours, 5 minutes, 35.8 seconds). Anomalistic Month Both the orientation of the Moon in its orbit and the shape of the orbit change. Because of this, the diameter of the Moon changes, depending mainly on how close to perigee and apogee it is (the apsides). The Moon takes longer to return to the same apsis because it moves ahead one revolution, defining the anomalistic month. This month averages 27.554 days. The anomalistic month is used together with the synodic month to predict whether a solar eclipse will be total or annular. The anomalistic month may also be used to predict how large the full moon will be. Length of Lunar Month in Days Heres a quick comparison of the average length of different types of lunar months. For this table, a day is defined as 86,400 seconds. Days, like lunar months, may be defined different ways. Lunar Month Length in Days anomalistic 27.554 days draconic 27.212 days sidereal 27.321 days synodic 29.530 days tropical 27.321 days

Criminal Profiling And The Criminal Justice System

Many Criminologist and Psychologists believe that there are specific psychological traits that can disconnect a person from the rest of society. Criminal profiling is the approach that an individual who commits a crime, may leave some sort of psychological evidence that can be crucial to an investigation. This theory is a vital part of the criminal justice system today. Criminology targets why individuals commit crimes and why they behave in certain situations. By understanding why a person commits a crime, you can develop ways to control crime or change the criminal to a certain extent. There are many theories in criminology. Some characterize crime to the individual. They believe that an individual weighs the pros and cons and makes a choice whether or not to act criminally. Others believe it is the community’s responsibility to make sure that citizens do not commit crime by offering them a safe place to live in, in society. Some argue that some individuals have specific traits that will determine how they will react when put in certain negative conditions. Overall, the determination of a criminal can be done through criminal profiling. There are many different psychological disorders that can determine a person’s actions or emotions. Mental illnesses are medical conditions that disrupt a person’s thinking, feeling, mood, ability to relate to others and daily functioning. Just as heart disease is a disorder of the heart, mental illnesses are medical conditions of theShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling And The Criminal Justice System1204 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Racial profiling is a major issue in American society. Its existence threatens every minority citizen of this country. Racial profiling is not fair and not effective because it relies on stereotypes and encourages discrimination. Examining cases that have occurred in the past and most recently help us fully understand this issue. Many studies and reports of racial profiling involve excessive use of force, police brutality, imposition of death penalty, traffic stops, stop and frisk issuesRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Criminal Justice System1582 Words   |  7 PagesRacial disparity in the Criminal Justice system has been a issue of discussion in our law enforcement for years. Statistics say the likelihood of imprisonment in a lifetime is 1 in 3 black men, 1 in 6 Latino men and 1 in 17 white men. 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As we take a closer look into that statistic on crime, housing, employment along with racial profiling I do believe most are tied together which can easily cause a revolving door within the criminal j ustice system. When we look at the minority communities there are many challenges they are faced on a daily basis. Addiction and Crime: Incarceration: Employment: Racial Profiling: The use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone for crimes. Mental Health: Many individualsRead MoreAnalysis of Racial Profiling in the Criminal Justice System3223 Words   |  13 PagesAnalysis of Racial Profiling In the Criminal Justice System Police officers today face many challenges. Some concerns include dangers or safety concerns related to being a police officer, questions of the use of force and the public’s perception of officers being corrupt. 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Although racial discrimination is present in the criminal justice system, some people use the words inequality, discrimination, racism, and profiling loosely and do not understand how truly complex it is to prove that there actually is racial inequality present in the criminal justice system. Daniel P Mears, Joshu a C. Cochran, and Andrea M. Lindsey article Offending and Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Criminal Justice: A Conceptual Framework forRead MoreProfessional Racism and Discrimination1117 Words   |  5 PagesDepartment has a reputation for using race as a basis to catch criminals. Racial profiling is the use of race or ethnicity as grounds for believing an individual is suspicious of committing a crime. Discriminatory or abusive behavior towards people of color affects the justice system and violates people’s human rights. The LAPD continues to use racial profiling against mostly African-Americans and Latinos. The use of racial profiling by the LAPD prevents the police from serving the whole communityRead MoreRacism : The Criminal Justice System1040 Words   |  5 PagesRacism in Our Criminal Justice System There are many different types of unlawful racism in the criminal justice system. It goes from back in the early part of our great nation’s birth to the killing of Martin Luther King Jr. to Ferguson, Missouri. The path that racism takes is from old time’s point of view. The way to clear up racism in our criminal justice system is simple and easy. Americans need to fully understand the idea of equality. Second, police need to stop doing racial profiling. Finally,

U.S. Diplomatic Mission Attacks in Benghazi and the Aftermath Free Essays

On the day of the 11th anniversary of the September 11th, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, another attack unfolded–this time, on foreign soil, but still very much hitting close to home. Four U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on U.S. Diplomatic Mission Attacks in Benghazi and the Aftermath or any similar topic only for you Order Now citizens–the U. S. ambassador to Libya, Chris Stevens; a Foreign Service information management officer, and two other U. S. personnel–died when members of the radical Islamist group called Ansar al-Sharia, one of many extremist Salafi groups, clashed with security forces in Benghazi after protesting near the U. S. onsulate. It has been debated what has provoked this violence, but it was initially believed that it was due to an online film considered offensive to Islam. Earlier on in the day, in Cairo, there were protests being executed in response to the mentioned video, but whether or not those protests were related to the Benghazi attacks remained unclear in the few days following. The inflammatory video on Islam in question, titled, â€Å"Innocence of Muslims,† is a 14-minute long film production that mocks Islam’s prophet, Muhammad. It was uploaded to the video site YouTube in July, 2012, but didn’t gain attention in the Muslim world until its broadcast on an Egyptian Islamist television station until early September. Only days after its broadcast, protests broke out in several cities throughout the Middle East and the rest of the world, including Cairo and some Western countries. Not only were there marches and shouting of anti-U. S. slogans, there was also the burning of U. S. and Israeli flags as well as the burning of some buildings generally associated with the U. S. Islam strictly prohibits any depictions of the prophet Muhammad, unlike in Christianity, where Jesus is often depicted through paintings and sculptures, which Christians tend to worship. While some Islamic leaders praised reaction to the film, and called for further protesting and burning of U. S. -associated objects, such as flags, others Middle Eastern leaders, such as Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, condemned the attacks and reactions to the incendiary film, while also condemning the film itself. President Obama himself condemned the film, but reiterated that it was not an excuse for the violence that was carried out. The filmmaker, once believed to be an Israeli Jew, is now believed to be an Egyptian-American Coptic Christian after it was revealed that he had operated under a false name, which landed him jail time for fraud. Egyptian Copts, the largest Christian community in the Middle East, are often the target of discrimination and attacks by militant Islamist extremist groups. Egyptian authorities ended up charging seven Coptic Christians living in the United States for insulting Islam and harming national unity, which is more symbolic than literal, for the fact that all seven live outside Egypt. The tensions between Copts and Muslims in Egypt have risen recently due to the release of the low-budget film. As protests continued to erupt across the Muslim world, many Libyans condemned the attacks that happened on their soil and came together in a demonstration to show the United States that the attack did not represent Libya or Libyans, with signs reading phrases such as, â€Å"Chris Stevens was a friend to all Libyans,† â€Å"Sorry people of America, this is not the behavior of our Islam and prophet,† and â€Å"Thugs and killers don’t represent Benghazi nor Islam. These Libyan citizens aimed to distance themselves from the attacks and the riots that ensued across the country and the world. In response to the attacks, Libya’s government vowed to cooperate with the United States in order to find the perpetrators of the now seemingly planned attack on the consulate. It is suspected that this attack had been planned for a while before its execution, an d that it conveniently coincided with the onset of violent protests in response to the anti-Islamic film. Later in September, violent protests surged in Benghazi–not against the United States, but for democracy and against the Islamist militias that still control a large part of Libya–to one of which the attacks on the U. S. consulate were linked. According to demonstrators participating in the protests and ousting of the militias, Libyans have had enough of extremists a year after ousting long-time dictator Muammar Gaddafi, especially after the recent attacks. On the other side, those who are pro-Ansar al-Sharia protested in support of the extremist group, justifying the killing of the Americans with the offense the U. S. had committed against Islam with the release of the now notorious film. After protests calmed and subsided (at least in the media), on the other side of the Atlantic ocean, many criticized President Obama of his handling of the attacks in Benghazi. Many on the conservative right accused him of being an â€Å"apologist† for Islamic terrorism and the killing of the four Americans. This became a hot topic in the presidential debates in October, when presidential candidate Mitt romney accused Obama of having gone on an â€Å"apology tour,† where President Obama â€Å"apologized† to other nations for American behavior, particularly in the case of the anti-Islamic film. He referenced a statement released by the U. S. Embassy in Cairo, which stated that it condemned efforts to â€Å"hurt the religious feelings of Muslims,† and that they â€Å"firmly reject the actions by those who abuse the universal right of free speech to hurt the religious beliefs of others. Romney affirmed, as well as other Conservatives, that the current administration’s response to the attacks were not to condemn them, but to apologize to those who executed them. This also led to a debate on how soon after the attacks Obama referred to the events as â€Å"terrorist attacks. † It was affirmed that he did not immediately classify the attacks as â€Å"terrori st† in nature, of which Romney accused him during one of the debates. This was a buzz topic for days in the media, as a fact check revealed that the President had actually delivered a statement the day following the attacks, condemning the actions as â€Å"acts of terror. Despite the myth having been debunked, even after the elections had ended and President Obama secured his second term in office, the handling of the events in Benghazi turned into a scandal. The suspicion remained that President Obama and the White House staff dealt poorly with the aftermath of the attacks on the U. S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi. There also remain questions on the motives behind the initial descriptions that the White House gave regarding the attacks, claiming that they were â€Å"spontaneous. With much attention surrounding David Petraeus, who recently resigned his position as director of the CIA allegedly due to an extramarital affair, his description of the attacks during closed-door congressional briefings have been heavily covered in the media. Petraeus affirmed that the attacks in Benghazi were previously planned and executed by terrorists linked to Al-Qaeda. What it all boils down to, seemingly, is a game of words and semantics of â€Å"terrorism† vs. â€Å"spontaneous attacks. † The line between truth and speculation behind the attacks on the U. S. consulate in Benghazi and the film that coincidentally incited protests and violence among Muslims around the world remain somewhat blurred. What has been clear from the start, though, is that the events that unfolded that day and in the days and weeks after, put pressure on an already strained relationship between the United States and the Muslim world, and provoked a new debate on the limits of freedom of speech. However, over the months following the events, it turned into a heated debate on U. S. oreign policy and the ways in which these sorts of attacks are handled when revealing them to the American public. Either way, consumers of media on such delicate topics–whether in the United States or abroad–are all too often caught in the crosshairs of cultural and political misunderstandings through the lenses of news outlets. Bibliography 1. ) Bash, Dana, Barbara Starr, Suzanne Kelley, and Chelsea Carter. â€Å"Ex-CIA chief Petraeus testifies Benghazi attack was al Qaeda-linked terrorism. † CNN 16 Nov. 2012. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. . . ) Crawford, Jamie. â€Å"President Obama on Benghazi: â€Å"I am always responsible†. † CNN 17 Oct. 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. . 3. ) Graff, Peter, and Suleiman Al-Khalidi. â€Å"Benghazi Anti-Militia Protest: Libyan Protesters Drive Islamist Militia From Country’s 2nd-Largest City. † Huffington Post 22 Sept. 2012. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. . 4. ) Jordan, Rosiland. â€Å"Angry protests spread over anti-Islam video. † Al-Jazeera 14 Sept. 2012. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. . 5. ) Payne, Ed, and Saad Abedine. â€Å"Egypt charges Coptic Christians linked to infamous video. CNN 18 Sept. 2012. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. . 6. ) Steinhauser, Paul. â€Å"A day after Libya attack, Obama described it as ‘acts of terror’. † CNN 17 Oct. 2012. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. . 7. ) Tawfeeq, Mohammed. â€Å"Hundreds in Iraq protest inflammatory anti-Islam video. † CNN 14 Sept. 2012. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. . 8. ) â€Å"Timeline: How Benghazi attack, probe unfolded. † CBS News 2 Nov. 2012. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. . 9. ) â€Å"US anti-Islam filmmaker Nakoula Basseley Nakoula jailed. † BBC 7 Nov. 2012. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. . How to cite U.S. Diplomatic Mission Attacks in Benghazi and the Aftermath, Essay examples U.S. Diplomatic Mission Attacks in Benghazi and the Aftermath Free Essays On the day of the 11th anniversary of the September 11th, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, another attack unfolded–this time, on foreign soil, but still very much hitting close to home. Four U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on U.S. Diplomatic Mission Attacks in Benghazi and the Aftermath or any similar topic only for you Order Now citizens–the U. S. ambassador to Libya, Chris Stevens; a Foreign Service information management officer, and two other U. S. personnel–died when members of the radical Islamist group called Ansar al-Sharia, one of many extremist Salafi groups, clashed with security forces in Benghazi after protesting near the U. S. onsulate. It has been debated what has provoked this violence, but it was initially believed that it was due to an online film considered offensive to Islam. Earlier on in the day, in Cairo, there were protests being executed in response to the mentioned video, but whether or not those protests were related to the Benghazi attacks remained unclear in the few days following. The inflammatory video on Islam in question, titled, â€Å"Innocence of Muslims,† is a 14-minute long film production that mocks Islam’s prophet, Muhammad. It was uploaded to the video site YouTube in July, 2012, but didn’t gain attention in the Muslim world until its broadcast on an Egyptian Islamist television station until early September. Only days after its broadcast, protests broke out in several cities throughout the Middle East and the rest of the world, including Cairo and some Western countries. Not only were there marches and shouting of anti-U. S. slogans, there was also the burning of U. S. and Israeli flags as well as the burning of some buildings generally associated with the U. S. Islam strictly prohibits any depictions of the prophet Muhammad, unlike in Christianity, where Jesus is often depicted through paintings and sculptures, which Christians tend to worship. While some Islamic leaders praised reaction to the film, and called for further protesting and burning of U. S. -associated objects, such as flags, others Middle Eastern leaders, such as Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, condemned the attacks and reactions to the incendiary film, while also condemning the film itself. President Obama himself condemned the film, but reiterated that it was not an excuse for the violence that was carried out. The filmmaker, once believed to be an Israeli Jew, is now believed to be an Egyptian-American Coptic Christian after it was revealed that he had operated under a false name, which landed him jail time for fraud. Egyptian Copts, the largest Christian community in the Middle East, are often the target of discrimination and attacks by militant Islamist extremist groups. Egyptian authorities ended up charging seven Coptic Christians living in the United States for insulting Islam and harming national unity, which is more symbolic than literal, for the fact that all seven live outside Egypt. The tensions between Copts and Muslims in Egypt have risen recently due to the release of the low-budget film. As protests continued to erupt across the Muslim world, many Libyans condemned the attacks that happened on their soil and came together in a demonstration to show the United States that the attack did not represent Libya or Libyans, with signs reading phrases such as, â€Å"Chris Stevens was a friend to all Libyans,† â€Å"Sorry people of America, this is not the behavior of our Islam and prophet,† and â€Å"Thugs and killers don’t represent Benghazi nor Islam. These Libyan citizens aimed to distance themselves from the attacks and the riots that ensued across the country and the world. In response to the attacks, Libya’s government vowed to cooperate with the United States in order to find the perpetrators of the now seemingly planned attack on the consulate. It is suspected that this attack had been planned for a while before its execution, an d that it conveniently coincided with the onset of violent protests in response to the anti-Islamic film. Later in September, violent protests surged in Benghazi–not against the United States, but for democracy and against the Islamist militias that still control a large part of Libya–to one of which the attacks on the U. S. consulate were linked. According to demonstrators participating in the protests and ousting of the militias, Libyans have had enough of extremists a year after ousting long-time dictator Muammar Gaddafi, especially after the recent attacks. On the other side, those who are pro-Ansar al-Sharia protested in support of the extremist group, justifying the killing of the Americans with the offense the U. S. had committed against Islam with the release of the now notorious film. After protests calmed and subsided (at least in the media), on the other side of the Atlantic ocean, many criticized President Obama of his handling of the attacks in Benghazi. Many on the conservative right accused him of being an â€Å"apologist† for Islamic terrorism and the killing of the four Americans. This became a hot topic in the presidential debates in October, when presidential candidate Mitt romney accused Obama of having gone on an â€Å"apology tour,† where President Obama â€Å"apologized† to other nations for American behavior, particularly in the case of the anti-Islamic film. He referenced a statement released by the U. S. Embassy in Cairo, which stated that it condemned efforts to â€Å"hurt the religious feelings of Muslims,† and that they â€Å"firmly reject the actions by those who abuse the universal right of free speech to hurt the religious beliefs of others. Romney affirmed, as well as other Conservatives, that the current administration’s response to the attacks were not to condemn them, but to apologize to those who executed them. This also led to a debate on how soon after the attacks Obama referred to the events as â€Å"terrorist attacks. † It was affirmed that he did not immediately classify the attacks as â€Å"terrori st† in nature, of which Romney accused him during one of the debates. This was a buzz topic for days in the media, as a fact check revealed that the President had actually delivered a statement the day following the attacks, condemning the actions as â€Å"acts of terror. Despite the myth having been debunked, even after the elections had ended and President Obama secured his second term in office, the handling of the events in Benghazi turned into a scandal. The suspicion remained that President Obama and the White House staff dealt poorly with the aftermath of the attacks on the U. S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi. There also remain questions on the motives behind the initial descriptions that the White House gave regarding the attacks, claiming that they were â€Å"spontaneous. With much attention surrounding David Petraeus, who recently resigned his position as director of the CIA allegedly due to an extramarital affair, his description of the attacks during closed-door congressional briefings have been heavily covered in the media. Petraeus affirmed that the attacks in Benghazi were previously planned and executed by terrorists linked to Al-Qaeda. What it all boils down to, seemingly, is a game of words and semantics of â€Å"terrorism† vs. â€Å"spontaneous attacks. † The line between truth and speculation behind the attacks on the U. S. consulate in Benghazi and the film that coincidentally incited protests and violence among Muslims around the world remain somewhat blurred. What has been clear from the start, though, is that the events that unfolded that day and in the days and weeks after, put pressure on an already strained relationship between the United States and the Muslim world, and provoked a new debate on the limits of freedom of speech. However, over the months following the events, it turned into a heated debate on U. S. oreign policy and the ways in which these sorts of attacks are handled when revealing them to the American public. Either way, consumers of media on such delicate topics–whether in the United States or abroad–are all too often caught in the crosshairs of cultural and political misunderstandings through the lenses of news outlets. Bibliography 1. ) Bash, Dana, Barbara Starr, Suzanne Kelley, and Chelsea Carter. â€Å"Ex-CIA chief Petraeus testifies Benghazi attack was al Qaeda-linked terrorism. † CNN 16 Nov. 2012. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. . . ) Crawford, Jamie. â€Å"President Obama on Benghazi: â€Å"I am always responsible†. † CNN 17 Oct. 2012. Web. 18 Nov. 2012. . 3. ) Graff, Peter, and Suleiman Al-Khalidi. â€Å"Benghazi Anti-Militia Protest: Libyan Protesters Drive Islamist Militia From Country’s 2nd-Largest City. † Huffington Post 22 Sept. 2012. Web. 23 Sept. 2012. . 4. ) Jordan, Rosiland. â€Å"Angry protests spread over anti-Islam video. † Al-Jazeera 14 Sept. 2012. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. . 5. ) Payne, Ed, and Saad Abedine. â€Å"Egypt charges Coptic Christians linked to infamous video. CNN 18 Sept. 2012. Web. 14 Oct. 2012. . 6. ) Steinhauser, Paul. â€Å"A day after Libya attack, Obama described it as ‘acts of terror’. † CNN 17 Oct. 2012. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. . 7. ) Tawfeeq, Mohammed. â€Å"Hundreds in Iraq protest inflammatory anti-Islam video. † CNN 14 Sept. 2012. Web. 15 Sept. 2012. . 8. ) â€Å"Timeline: How Benghazi attack, probe unfolded. † CBS News 2 Nov. 2012. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. . 9. ) â€Å"US anti-Islam filmmaker Nakoula Basseley Nakoula jailed. † BBC 7 Nov. 2012. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. . How to cite U.S. Diplomatic Mission Attacks in Benghazi and the Aftermath, Papers